Artículo 32 📖 RGPD. Seguridad del tratamiento

Artículo 32 RGPD. Seguridad del tratamiento

Article 32 GDPR. Security of processing

1. Teniendo en cuenta el estado de la técnica, los costes de aplicación, y la naturaleza, el alcance, el contexto y los fines del tratamiento, así como riesgos de probabilidad y gravedad variables para los derechos y libertades de las personas físicas, el responsable y el encargado del tratamiento aplicarán medidas técnicas y organizativas apropiadas para garantizar un nivel de seguridad adecuado al riesgo, que en su caso incluya, entre otros:

1. Taking into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller and the processor shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk, including inter alia as appropriate:

Ley de Directrices y caso Textos enlazados

Ley de Directrices y caso

(EN)

Documents

EDPB, Guidelines 3/2019 on Processing of Personal Data through Video Devices (2020).

Textos enlazados

Guidelines 4/2019 on Article 25 Data Protection by Design and by Default Version 2.0.

2.1.3.1 «state of the art»

18. The concept of «state of the art» is present in various EU acquis, e.g. environmental protection and product safety. In the GDPR, reference to the «state of the art» [8] is made not only in Article 32, for security measures,[9][10] but also in Article 25, thus extending this benchmark to all technical and organisational measures embedded in the processing.

_{[8] See German Federal Constitutional Court’s «Kalkar» decision in 1978: https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=67 may provide the foundation for a methodology for an objective definition of the concept. On that basis, the «state of the art» technology level would be identified between the «existing scientific knowledge and research» technology level and the more established «generally accepted rules of technology». The «state of the art» can hence be identified as the technology level of a service or technology or product that exists in the market and is most effective in achieving the objectives identified.}

_{[9] https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/what-is-state-of-the-art-in-it-security}

_{[10] www.teletrust.de/en/publikationen/broschueren/state-of-the-art-in-it-security/}

19. In the context of Article 25, the reference to «state of the art» imposes an obligation on controllers, when determining the appropriate technical and organisational measures, to take account of the current progress in technology that is available in the market. The requirement is for controllers to have knowledge of, and stay up to date on technological advances; how technology can present data protection risks or opportunities to the processing operation; and how to implement and update the measures and safeguards that secure effective implementation of the principles and rights of data subjects taking into account the evolving technological landscape.

20. The «state of the art» is a dynamic concept that cannot be statically defined at a fixed point in time, but should be assessed continuously in the context of technological progress. In the face of technological advancements, a controller could find that a measure that once provided an adequate level of protection no longer does. Neglecting to keep up to date with technological changes could therefore result in a lack of compliance with Article 25.

21. The «state of the art» criterion does not only apply to technological measures, but also to organisational ones. Lack of appropriate organisational measures can lower or even completely undermine the effectiveness of a chosen technology. Examples of organisational measures can be adoption of internal policies; up-to date training on technology, security and data protection; and IT security governance and management policies.

22. Existing and recognized frameworks, standards, certifications, codes of conduct, etc. in different fields may play a role in indicating the current «state of the art» within the given field of use. Where such standards exist and provide a high level of protection for the data subject in compliance with – or go beyond – legal requirements, controllers should take them into account in the design and implementation of data protection measures.

a) la seudonimización y el cifrado de datos personales;

(a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data;

ISO 27701 Ley de Directrices y caso

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII controllers.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 32(1)(a) GDPR:

7.4.5 PII de-identification and deletion at the end of processing

Control

The organization should either delete PII or render it in a form which does not permit identification or re-identification of PII principals, as soon as the original PII is no longer necessary for the identified purpose(s).

Implementation guidance

The organization should have mechanisms to erase the PII when no further processing is anticipated.

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Ley de Directrices y caso

(EN) Spanish data protection authority (AEPD), Introduction to the hash function as a personal data pseudonymisation technique (2019).

b) la capacidad de garantizar la confidencialidad, integridad, disponibilidad y resiliencia permanentes de los sistemas y servicios de tratamiento;

(b) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and services;

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added a requirement additional to ISO/IEC 27001, section 6.1.2.

Here is the relevant paragraphs to article 32(1)(b) GDPR:

5.4.1.2 Information security risk assessment

6.1.2 c) 1) is refined as follows:

The organization shall apply the information security risk assessment process to identify risks associated with the loss of confidentiality, integrity and availability, within the scope of the PIMS.

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c) la capacidad de restaurar la disponibilidad y el acceso a los datos personales de forma rápida en caso de incidente físico o técnico;

(c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical incident;

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added a requirement additional to ISO/IEC 27002, section 12.3.1.

Here is the relevant paragraphs to article 32(1)(c) GDPR:

6.9.3.1 Information backup

Implementation guidance

The organization should have a policy which addresses the requirements for backup, recovery and restoration of PII (which can be part of an overall information backup policy) and any further requirements (e.g. contractual and/or legal requirements) for the erasure of PII contained in information held for backup requirements.

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d) un proceso de verificación, evaluación y valoración regulares de la eficacia de las medidas técnicas y organizativas para garantizar la seguridad del tratamiento.

(d) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of technical and organisational measures for ensuring the security of the processing.

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added a requirement additional to ISO/IEC 27002, section 18.2.1.

Here is the relevant paragraphs to article 32(1)(d) GDPR:

6.15.2.1 Independent review of information security

Implementation guidance

Where an organization is acting as a PII processor, and where individual customer audits are impractical or can increase risks to security, the organization should make available to customers, prior to entering into, and for the duration of, a contract, independent evidence that information security is implemented and operated in accordance with the organization’s policies and procedures.

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2. Al evaluar la adecuación del nivel de seguridad se tendrán particularmente en cuenta los riesgos que presente el tratamiento de datos, en particular como consecuencia de la destrucción, pérdida o alteración accidental o ilícita de datos personales transmitidos, conservados o tratados de otra forma, o la comunicación o acceso no autorizados a dichos datos.

2. In assessing the appropriate level of security account shall be taken in particular of the risks that are presented by processing, in particular from accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.

ISO 27701 Considerandos

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added a requirement additional to ISO/IEC 27001, section 4.3.

Here is the relevant paragraphs to article 32(2) GDPR:

5.2.3 Determining the scope of the information security management system

When determining the scope of the PIMS, the organization shall include the processing of PII.

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Considerandos

(83) A fin de mantener la seguridad y evitar que el tratamiento infrinja lo dispuesto en el presente Reglamento, el responsable o el encargado deben evaluar los riesgos inherentes al tratamiento y aplicar medidas para mitigarlos, como el cifrado. Estas medidas deben garantizar un nivel de seguridad adecuado, incluida la confidencialidad, teniendo en cuenta el estado de la técnica y el coste de su aplicación con respecto a los riesgos y la naturaleza de los datos personales que deban protegerse. Al evaluar el riesgo en relación con la seguridad de los datos, se deben tener en cuenta los riesgos que se derivan del tratamiento de los datos personales, como la destrucción, pérdida o alteración accidental o ilícita de datos personales transmitidos, conservados o tratados de otra forma, o la comunicación o acceso no autorizados a dichos datos, susceptibles en particular de ocasionar daños y perjuicios físicos, materiales o inmateriales.

(83) In order to maintain security and to prevent processing in infringement of this Regulation, the controller or processor should evaluate the risks inherent in the processing and implement measures to mitigate those risks, such as encryption. Those measures should ensure an appropriate level of security, including confidentiality, taking into account the state of the art and the costs of implementation in relation to the risks and the nature of the personal data to be protected. In assessing data security risk, consideration should be given to the risks that are presented by personal data processing, such as accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed which may in particular lead to physical, material or non-material damage.

3. La adhesión a un código de conducta aprobado a tenor del artículo 40 o a un mecanismo de certificación aprobado a tenor del artículo 42 podrá servir de elemento para demostrar el cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos en el apartado 1 del presente artículo.

3. Adherence to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certification mechanism as referred to in Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this Article.

ISO 27701 Textos enlazados

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added a requirement additional to ISO/IEC 27001, section 4.1.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 32(3) GDPR:

5.2.1 Understanding the organization and its context

The organization shall include among its interested parties (see ISO/IEC 27001:2013, 4.2), those parties having interests or responsibilities associated with the processing of PII, including the PII principals.

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Textos enlazados

Artículo 40 RGPD. Códigos de conducta

Article 40 GDPR. Codes of conduct

Artículo 42 RGPD. Certificación

Article 42 GDPR. Certification

4. El responsable y el encargado del tratamiento tomarán medidas para garantizar que cualquier persona que actúe bajo la autoridad del responsable o del encargado y tenga acceso a datos personales solo pueda tratar dichos datos siguiendo instrucciones del responsable, salvo que esté obligada a ello en virtud del Derecho de la Unión o de los Estados miembros.

4. The controller and processor shall take steps to ensure that any natural person acting under the authority of the controller or the processor who has access to personal data does not process them except on instructions from the controller, unless he or she is required to do so by Union or Member State law.

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII controllers.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 32(4) GDPR:

7.2.1 Identify and document purpose

Control

The organization should identify and document the specific purposes for which the PII will be processed.

Implementation guidance

The organization should ensure that PII principals understand the purpose for which their PII is processed. It is the responsibility of the organization to clearly document and communicate this to PII principals.

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Reglamento general de protección de datos (RGPD)

General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR)

The latest consolidated version of the Regulation with corrections by Corrigendum, OJ L 127, 23.5.2018, p. 2 ((EU) 2016/679). Source: EUR-lex.

Considerandos Ley de Directrices y caso Deja un comentario

Considerandos

(74) Debe quedar establecida la responsabilidad del responsable del tratamiento por cualquier tratamiento de datos personales realizado por él mismo o por su cuenta. En particular, el responsable debe estar obligado a aplicar medidas oportunas y eficaces y ha de poder demostrar la conformidad de las actividades de tratamiento con el presente Reglamento, incluida la eficacia de las medidas. Dichas medidas deben tener en cuenta la naturaleza, el ámbito, el contexto y los fines del tratamiento así como el riesgo para los derechos y libertades de las personas físicas.

(74) The responsibility and liability of the controller for any processing of personal data carried out by the controller or on the controller's behalf should be established. In particular, the controller should be obliged to implement appropriate and effective measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities with this Regulation, including the effectiveness of the measures. Those measures should take into account the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing and the risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons.

(75) Los riesgos para los derechos y libertades de las personas físicas, de gravedad y probabilidad variables, pueden deberse al tratamiento de datos que pudieran provocar daños y perjuicios físicos, materiales o inmateriales, en particular en los casos en los que el tratamiento pueda dar lugar a problemas de discriminación, usurpación de identidad o fraude, pérdidas financieras, daño para la reputación, pérdida de confidencialidad de datos sujetos al secreto profesional, reversión no autorizada de la seudonimización o cualquier otro perjuicio económico o social significativo; en los casos en los que se prive a los interesados de sus derechos y libertades o se les impida ejercer el control sobre sus datos personales; en los casos en los que los datos personales tratados revelen el origen étnico o racial, las opiniones políticas, la religión o creencias filosóficas, la militancia en sindicatos y el tratamiento de datos genéticos, datos relativos a la salud o datos sobre la vida sexual, o las condenas e infracciones penales o medidas de seguridad conexas; en los casos en los que se evalúen aspectos personales, en particular el análisis o la predicción de aspectos referidos al rendimiento en el trabajo, situación económica, salud, preferencias o intereses personales, fiabilidad o comportamiento, situación o movimientos, con el fin de crear o utilizar perfiles personales; en los casos en los que se traten datos personales de personas vulnerables, en particular niños; o en los casos en los que el tratamiento implique una gran cantidad de datos personales y afecte a un gran número de interesados.

(85) Нарушение безопасности персональных данных, если оно не было надлежащим образом и вовремя устранено, может повлечь физический, материальный или моральный вред физическим лицам, как, например, потеря контроля над их персональными данными или ограничение их прав, дискриминация, кража личности или ее мошенническое использование, финансовые потери, несанкционированная повторная идентификация псевдонимизированных данных, ущерб репутации, нарушение конфиденциальности персональных данных, защищенных профессиональной тайной, или любой другой значительный экономический или социальный вред, нанесенный физическому лицу. Поэтому, как только контролёру становится известно о нарушении безопасности персональных данных, он обязан уведомить о таком нарушении надзорный орган без неоправданной задержки и, по возможности, не позднее 72 часов, за исключением случаев, когда контролёр может подтвердить, в соответствии с принципом подотчетности, что нарушение безопасности персональных данных с малой вероятностью может представлять риск нарушения прав и свобод физических лиц. В случаях, когда подобное уведомление не может быть сделано в течение 72 часов, причины такой задержки должны сопровождать уведомление и информация может предоставляться поэтапно без дополнительной задержки.

(76) La probabilidad y la gravedad del riesgo para los derechos y libertades del interesado debe determinarse con referencia a la naturaleza, el alcance, el contexto y los fines del tratamiento de datos. El riesgo debe ponderarse sobre la base de una evaluación objetiva mediante la cual se determine si las operaciones de tratamiento de datos suponen un riesgo o si el riesgo es alto.

(76) The likelihood and severity of the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject should be determined by reference to the nature, scope, context and purposes of the processing. Risk should be evaluated on the basis of an objective assessment, by which it is established whether data processing operations involve a risk or a high risk.

(77) Se podrían proporcionar directrices para la aplicación de medidas oportunas y para demostrar el cumplimiento por parte del responsable o del encargado del tratamiento, especialmente con respecto a la identificación del riesgo relacionado con el tratamiento, a su evaluación en términos de origen, naturaleza, probabilidad y gravedad y a la identificación de buenas prácticas para mitigar el riesgo, que revistan, en particular, la forma de códigos de conducta aprobados, certificaciones aprobadas, directrices dadas por el Comité o indicaciones proporcionadas por un delegado de protección de datos. El Comité también puede emitir directrices sobre operaciones de tratamiento que se considere improbable supongan un alto riesgo para los derechos y libertades de las personas físicas, e indicar qué medidas pueden ser suficientes en dichos casos para afrontar el riesgo en cuestión.

(77) Guidance on the implementation of appropriate measures and on the demonstration of compliance by the controller or the processor, especially as regards the identification of the risk related to the processing, their assessment in terms of origin, nature, likelihood and severity, and the identification of best practices to mitigate the risk, could be provided in particular by means of approved codes of conduct, approved certifications, guidelines provided by the Board or indications provided by a data protection officer. The Board may also issue guidelines on processing operations that are considered to be unlikely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons and indicate what measures may be sufficient in such cases to address such risk.

Ley de Directrices y caso

(EN)

Document

Working Party 29, Opinion 2/2006 on privacy issues related to the provision of email screening services (2006).

CNIL (France): CNIL Guide. Security of Personal Data (2018).

Data Protection Commission (Ireland): Guidance for Controllers on Data Security (2020).

IT Security Association Germany (TeleTrusT) , Guideline «State of the Art». Technical and organisational measures (2020).

EDPB, Guidelines on the use of location data and contact tracing tools in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak (2020).

EDPB, Guidelines 3/2020 on the Processing of Data Concerning Health for the Purpose of Scientific Research in the Context of the Covid-19 Outbreak (2020).

EDPB, Guidelines 3/2019 on Processing of Personal Data through Video Devices (2020).

Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO, Great Britain), Right of Access (2020).

DPC (Ireland), Guidance for Individuals who Accidentally Receive Personal data (2020).

Case Law

CJEU, Worten – Equipamentos para o Lar SA/Autoridade para as condições de trabalho, C-342-12 (2013).

ICO, Ticketmaster UK Limited (Penalty Notice) (2020).

The ICO found that the company failed to put appropriate security measures in place to prevent a cyber-attack on a chat-bot installed on its online payment page.

The ICO found that Ticketmaster failed to:

Assess the risks of using a chat-bot on its payment page

Identify and implement appropriate security measures to negate the risks

Identify the source of suggested fraudulent activity in a timely manner

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Artículo 31. Cooperación con la autoridad de control

Artículo 33. Notificación de una violación de la seguridad de los datos personales a la autoridad de control