(51) Tá cosaint ar leith dlite do shonraí pearsanta ar de chineál fíor-íogair iad maidir le cearta bunúsacha agus saoirsí bunúsacha, toisc go bhféadfaí rioscaí suntasacha a chruthú do na cearta bunúsacha agus saoirsí bunúsacha mar thoradh ar chomhthéacs a bpróiseála. Ba cheart a áireamh ar na sonraí pearsanta sin sonraí pearsanta lena nochttar tionscnamh ciníoch nó eitneach, ar an tuiscint nach é an bhrí a bhainfear as úsáid an téarma “tionscnamh eitneach” sa Rialachán seo go nglactar san Aontas le teoiricí lena ndéantar iarracht a chinneadh gur ann do chiníocha daonna ar leith. Níor cheart a mheas go córasach gur próiseáil catagóirí speisialta sonraí pearsanta atá i bpróiseáil grianghraf ós rud é go gcumhdaítear iad leis an sainmhíniú ar shonraí bithmhéadracha sa chás nuar a dhéantar iad a phróiseáil trí mhodh sonrach teicniúil lena gceadaítear sainaithint uathúil nó fíordheimhniú uathúil duine nádúrtha agus sa chás sin amháin. Níor cheart sonraí pearsanta den sórt sin a phróiseáil, ach amháin má cheadaítear an phróiseáil i gcásanna sonracha a leagtar amach sa Rialachán seo, ag cur san áireamh gur féidir forálacha sonracha a leagan síos i ndlí an Bhallstáit sin maidir le cosaint sonraí d'fhonn cur i bhfeidhm na rialacha sa Rialachán seo a chur in oiriúint chun go gcomhlíonfaí oibleagáid dhlíthiúil nó chun cúram a chur i gcrích a dhéantar ar mhaithe le leas an phobail nó i bhfeidhmiú údaráis oifigiúil atá dílsithe don rialaitheoir. I dteannta na gceanglas sonrach maidir le próiseáil den sórt sin, ba cheart feidhm a bheith ag na prionsabail ghinearálta agus ag na rialacha eile atá sa Rialachán seo, go háirithe maidir leis na coinníollacha i ndáil le próiseáil dhleathach. Maoluithe ón toirmeasc ginearálta chun catagóirí speisialta sonraí pearsanta den sórt sin a phróiseáil, ba cheart foráil a dhéanamh go sainráite dóibh, inter alia, i gcás ina dtugann an t-ábhar sonraí a thoiliú nó a toiliú sainráite nó maidir le riachtanais shonracha, go háirithe i gcás ina ndéanann comhlachais nó fondúireachtaí áirithe an phróiseáil le linn gníomhaíochtaí dlisteanacha arb é is críoch dóibh go gceadaítear saoirsí bunúsacha a fheidhmiú.
(51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit specific protection as the context of their processing could create significant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories of personal data as they are covered by the definition of biometric data only when processed through a specific technical means allowing the unique identification or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed, unless processing is allowed in specific cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay down specific provisions on data protection in order to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation for compliance with a legal obligation or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller. In addition to the specific requirements for such processing, the general principles and other rules of this Regulation should apply, in particular as regards the conditions for lawful processing. Derogations from the general prohibition for processing such special categories of personal data should be explicitly provided, inter alia, where the data subject gives his or her explicit consent or in respect of specific needs in particular where the processing is carried out in the course of legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental freedoms.
(52) Ba cheart maolú a cheadú ón toirmeasc ar phróiseáil a dhéanamh ar chatagóirí speisialta sonraí pearsanta freisin i gcás ina bhforáiltear dó sin i ndlí an Aontais nó i ndlí Ballstáit agus faoi réir coimircí oiriúnacha, d'fhonn sonraí pearsanta agus cearta bunúsacha eile a chosaint, i gcás inarb é ar mhaithe le leas an phobail déanamh amhlaidh, go háirithe maidir le sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil i réimse dhlí na fostaíochta, dhlí na coimirce sóisialta lena n-áirítear pinsin agus ar mhaithe le críocha shlándáil na sláinte, críocha faireacháin agus foláirimh, ar mhaithe le galair theagmhálacha agus bagairtí tromchúiseacha eile ar an tsláinte a chosc nó a rialú. Féadfar maolú den sórt sin a dhéanamh chun críocha na sláinte, lena n-áirítear an tsláinte phoiblí agus chun críocha bhainistiú na seirbhísí cúraim sláinte, go háirithe chun cáilíocht agus cost-éifeachtúlacht a áirithiú maidir leis na nósanna imeachta a úsáidtear chun éilimh ar shochair agus ar sheirbhísí sa chóras árachais sláinte a réiteach, nó chun críocha cartlannú a dhéanamh ar mhaithe le leas an phobail, chun críocha taighde eolaíoch agus stairiúil nó chun críocha staidrimh. Ba cheart a cheadú le maolú freisin go ndéanfaí sonraí pearsanta den sórt sin a phróiseáil i gcás inarb iomchuí maidir le héilimh dhlíthiúla a bhunú, a fheidhmiú nó a chosaint, cibé acu in imeachtaí breithiúnacha nó i nósanna imeachta riaracháin nó nósanna imeachta lasmuigh den chúirt.
(52) Derogating from the prohibition on processing special categories of personal data should also be allowed when provided for in Union or Member State law and subject to suitable safeguards, so as to protect personal data and other fundamental rights, where it is in the public interest to do so, in particular processing personal data in the field of employment law, social protection law including pensions and for health security, monitoring and alert purposes, the prevention or control of communicable diseases and other serious threats to health. Such a derogation may be made for health purposes, including public health and the management of health-care services, especially in order to ensure the quality and cost-effectiveness of the procedures used for settling claims for benefits and services in the health insurance system, or for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes. A derogation should also allow the processing of such personal data where necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims, whether in court proceedings or in an administrative or out-of-court procedure.
(53) Catagóirí speisialta sonraí pearsanta a bhfuil cosaint níos airde dlite dóibh, ní fhéadfar iad a phróiseáil ach amháin chun críocha a bhaineann leis an tsláinte i gcás inar gá chun na críocha sin a bhaint amach chun tairbhe daoine nádúrtha agus na sochaí ina hiomláine, go háirithe i gcomhthéacs na seirbhísí agus na córais cúraim sláinte nó sóisialta a bhainistiú, lena n-áirítear na sonraí sin a bheith á bpróiseáil ag an mbainistíocht agus ag na húdaráis náisiúnta lárnacha chun críocha an rialaithe cáilíochta, an bhainistithe faisnéise agus na maoirseachta áitiúla agus náisiúnta ginearálta ar an gcóras cúraim sláinte nó sóisialta, agus chun leanúnachas a áirithiú maidir le cúram sláinte nó sóisialta agus maidir le cúram sláinte trasteorann nó an tslándáil sláinte thrasteorann nó chun críocha faireacháin agus foláirimh, nó chun críocha cartlannú a dhéanamh ar mhaithe le leas an phobail, chun críocha taighde eolaíoch nó stairiúil nó chun críocha staidrimh ar bhonn dhlí an Aontais nó dlí Ballstáit, a bhfuil sé riachtanach cuspóir a bhaineann le leas an phobail a chomhlíonadh ina leith, agus le haghaidh staidéir a dhéantar ar mhaithe le leas an phobail i réimse na sláinte poiblí. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart foráil a dhéanamh sa Rialachán seo do choinníollacha comhchuibhithe chun próiseáil a dhéanamh ar chatagóirí speisialta sonraí pearsanta a bhaineann leis an tsláinte, i ndáil le riachtanais shonracha, go háirithe i gcás ina ndéanann daoine atá faoi réir oibleagáid dhlíthiúil maidir le rúndacht ghairmiúil sonraí den sórt sin a phróiseáil chun críocha áirithe a bhaineann leis an tsláinte. Ba cheart foráil a dhéanamh, i ndlí an Aontais nó i ndlíBallstáit, do bhearta sonracha oiriúnacha sa chaoi go gcosnófar cearta bunúsacha agus sonraí pearsanta daoine nádúrtha. Ba cheart a cheadú do na Ballstáit coinníollacha breise, lena n-áirítear teorainneacha, a choimeád nó a thabhairt isteach i ndáil le sonraí géiniteacha, sonraí bithmhéadracha nó sonraí a bhaineann leis an tsláinte a phróiseail. Mar sin féin, níor cheart dó sin bac a chur ar shaorshreabhadh sonraí pearsanta laistigh den Aontas nuair a bhíonn feidhm ag na coinníollacha sin maidir le próiseáil thrasteorann sonraí den sórt sin.
(53) Special categories of personal data which merit higher protection should be processed for health-related purposes only where necessary to achieve those purposes for the benefit of natural persons and society as a whole, in particular in the context of the management of health or social care services and systems, including processing by the management and central national health authorities of such data for the purpose of quality control, management information and the general national and local supervision of the health or social care system, and ensuring continuity of health or social care and cross-border healthcare or health security, monitoring and alert purposes, or for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, based on Union or Member State law which has to meet an objective of public interest, as well as for studies conducted in the public interest in the area of public health. Therefore, this Regulation should provide for harmonised conditions for the processing of special categories of personal data concerning health, in respect of specific needs, in particular where the processing of such data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by persons subject to a legal obligation of professional secrecy. Union or Member State law should provide for specific and suitable measures so as to protect the fundamental rights and the personal data of natural persons. Member States should be allowed to maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data concerning health. However, this should not hamper the free flow of personal data within the Union when those conditions apply to cross-border processing of such data.
(54) D'fhéadfadh sé gur gá catagóirí speisialta sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil ar mhaithe le leas an phobail i réimsí na sláinte poiblí gan toiliú ón ábhar onraí. Ba cheart próiseáil den sórt sin a bheith faoi réir bearta oiriúnacha sonracha ionas go gcosnófar cearta agus saoirsí daoine nádúrtha. Sa chomhthéacs sin, ba cheart “sláinte phoiblí” a léiriú mar atá sainmhínithe i Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1338/2008 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle (11), eadhon na heilimintí uile a bhaineann leis an tsláinte, eadhon stádas sláinte, lena n-áirítear galracht agus míchumas, na deitéarmanaint a bhfuil tionchar acu ar an stádas sláinte sin, riachtanais chúraim sláinte, acmhainní a leithdháiltear ar chúram sláinte, soláthar cúraim sláinte agus rochtain uilíoch air, chomh maith le caiteachas ar chúram sláinte agus maoiniú do chúram sláinte agus cúiseanna mortlaíochta. Maidir le sonraí a bhaineann leis an tsláinte a phróiseáil ar chúiseanna a bhaineann le leas an phobail, níor cheart é a bheith mar thoradh ar phróiseáil den sórt sin go ndéanfadh tríú páirtithe, amhail fostóirí nó cuideachtaí árachais agus baincéireachta, sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil chun críocha eile.
(54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and specific measures so as to protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council [11], namely all elements related to health, namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an effect on that health status, health care needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care expenditure and financing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance and banking companies.
(55) Ina theannta sin, is ar mhaithe le leas an phobail a dhéanann údaráis oifigiúla sonraí pearsanta a phróiseáil chun aidhmeanna na gcomhlachas reiligiúnach atá aitheanta go hoifigiúil a bhaint amach, ar aidhmeanna iad atá leagtha síos le dlí bunreachtúil nó le dlí idirnáisiúnta poiblí.
(55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by official authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by constitutional law or by international public law, of officially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of public interest.
(56) I gcás ina gcuireann feidhmiú an chórais dhaonlathaigh i mBallstát, agus é i mbun gníomhaíochtaí toghcháin, de cheangal go dtiomsaíonn páirtithe polaitiúla sonraí pearsanta maidir le tuairimí polaitiúla na ndaoine, féadfar próiseáil sonraí den sórt sin a cheadú ar chúiseanna a bhaineann le leas an phobail, ar choinníoll go mbunaítear coimircí iomchuí.
(56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
(EN) The first exception is based on “explicit consent”. Article 9 consent differs from the general notion of consent of article 6 in one important aspect: it must be explicitly provided by the person concerned. It means that the consent must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous, under the definition of article 4 (11), and, in addition to these requirements, it must be “explicit”.
What form of consent is considered “explicit” and thus valid under article 9? The sensitive nature of the data involved entails a consent that goes beyond the regular “statement or clear affirmative action” [article 4 (11)] on the part of the data subject. It means that s/he must give “an express statement of consent” (Guidelines on Consent), even in the case where services are provided on a contractual basis. An explicit consent is needed because there is no contract based exceptions in article 9 (2) a controller can rely on.
The Guidelines on Consent suggest that a written statement or even a signed written statement may be required, even though the GDPR does not prescribe such a form of consent. A signed consent may be relevant if health data are collected, for example, in the context of services offered by a private clinic or a convalescent home. A plastic surgeon may need to gather information about a client’s health condition or share medical information to seek a second opinion from one of her/his colleagues. The managers of a convalescent home will have to gather information about a future pensionary’s health condition to arrange the appropriate services needed during her/his stay.
A signed written statement is not as practical in the digital or online environment. How can a person consent if, for example, s/he buys a plane ticket online and requires special medical assistance at boarding time, during the flight or at her/his arrival at destination? A valid consent will also be difficult to obtain if a person places an online order for buying special eyewear as the seller has to collect health-related information about her/his vision and share it with the manufacturer.
Simply following a link or ticking a box might be regarded as an insufficient consent in these examples. The Guidelines on Consent recommend other forms of consent, like filling in an electronic form, using an electronic signature, recording an oral statement or proceeding with a two-step verification (ticking a box in a form and confirming the consent by email afterward, for example).
Article 9 prescribes that a person must consent “for one or more specified purposes”. The requirement goes beyond the “specific” quality of consent required by article 4 (11). Purposes must be clearly specified, which implies that the consent must be tied to specific data or precise categories of data that the controller will be allowed to process.
You must always remember that the GDPR is not a complete statement on the state of the law on data protection in a particular Member State, and it is particularly true here because there is an exception to the exception. Consent is an invalid basis to process special categories of personal data if a Member State prohibits the lifting of the prohibition for processing special categories of personal data by an individual in its national legislation, as the GDPR allows it.