(51) Posebno varstvo si zaslužijo osebni podatki, ki so po svoji naravi posebej občutljivi z vidika temeljnih pravic in svoboščin, saj bi lahko okoliščine njihove obdelave resno ogrozile temeljne pravice in svoboščine. Ti osebni podatki bi morali vključevati osebne podatke, ki razkrivajo rasno ali etnično poreklo, pri čemer uporaba pojma „rasno poreklo“ v tej uredbi ne pomeni, da Unija priznava teorije, ki poskušajo dokazati obstoj različnih človeških ras. Obdelava fotografij se ne bi smela sistematično šteti za obdelavo posebnih vrst osebnih podatkov, saj spadajo v opredelitev biometričnih podatkov le, kadar so obdelane s posebnimi tehničnimi sredstvi, ki omogočajo edinstveno identifikacijo ali avtentikacijo posameznika. Takšni osebni podatki se ne bi smeli obdelovati, razen če je obdelava dovoljena v posebnih primerih iz te uredbe, pri čemer je treba upoštevati, da se lahko v pravu držav članic opredelijo posebne določbe o varstvu podatkov, s katerimi se prilagodi uporaba pravil iz te uredbe zaradi izpolnjevanja pravne obveznosti ali zaradi izvajanja naloge v javnem interesu ali izvajanja javne oblasti, dodeljene upravljavcu. Poleg posebnih zahtev za takšno obdelavo bi morala veljati splošna načela in druga pravila iz te uredbe, zlasti glede pogojev zakonite obdelave. Izrecno bi morala biti določena odstopanja od splošne prepovedi obdelave takšnih posebnih vrst osebnih podatkov, med drugim kadar posameznik, na katerega se nanašajo osebni podatki, da izrecno privolitev, ali glede posebnih potreb, zlasti kadar se obdelava izvaja v okviru zakonitih dejavnosti nekaterih združenj ali ustanov, katerih namen je omogočiti uresničevanje temeljnih svoboščin.
(51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit specific protection as the context of their processing could create significant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories of personal data as they are covered by the definition of biometric data only when processed through a specific technical means allowing the unique identification or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed, unless processing is allowed in specific cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay down specific provisions on data protection in order to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation for compliance with a legal obligation or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller. In addition to the specific requirements for such processing, the general principles and other rules of this Regulation should apply, in particular as regards the conditions for lawful processing. Derogations from the general prohibition for processing such special categories of personal data should be explicitly provided, inter alia, where the data subject gives his or her explicit consent or in respect of specific needs in particular where the processing is carried out in the course of legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental freedoms.
(52) Odstopanje od prepovedi obdelave posebnih vrst osebnih podatkov bi moralo biti dovoljeno tudi, kadar je določeno v pravu Unije ali pravu držav članic in so vzpostavljeni ustrezni zaščitni ukrepi, da se zaščitijo osebni podatki in druge temeljne pravice, kadar je to v javnem interesu, zlasti pri obdelavi osebnih podatkov na področju delovnega prava, prava socialnega varstva, vključno s pokojninami, ter v namene zdravstvene varnosti, spremljanja in opozarjanja, pri preprečevanju ali nadziranju nalezljivih bolezni in drugih resnih nevarnosti za zdravje. Tako odstopanje se lahko izvede v zdravstvene namene, vključno z javnim zdravjem in upravljanjem storitev zdravstvenega varstva, predvsem za zagotavljanje kakovosti in stroškovne učinkovitosti postopkov, ki se uporabljajo za reševanje zahtevkov za dajatve in storitve v sistemu zdravstvenega varstva, ali v namene arhiviranja v javnem interesu, znanstveno- ali zgodovinskoraziskovalne namene ali statistične namene. Odstopanje bi prav tako moralo veljati za obdelavo takih osebnih podatkov, kadar je potrebna za uveljavljanje, izvajanje ali obrambo pravnih zahtevkov v sodnem postopku ali v upravnem ali izvensodnem postopku.
(52) Derogating from the prohibition on processing special categories of personal data should also be allowed when provided for in Union or Member State law and subject to suitable safeguards, so as to protect personal data and other fundamental rights, where it is in the public interest to do so, in particular processing personal data in the field of employment law, social protection law including pensions and for health security, monitoring and alert purposes, the prevention or control of communicable diseases and other serious threats to health. Such a derogation may be made for health purposes, including public health and the management of health-care services, especially in order to ensure the quality and cost-effectiveness of the procedures used for settling claims for benefits and services in the health insurance system, or for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes. A derogation should also allow the processing of such personal data where necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims, whether in court proceedings or in an administrative or out-of-court procedure.
(53) Posebne vrste osebnih podatkov, ki potrebujejo višjo zaščito, bi se lahko obdelovale v namene, povezane z zdravjem, le kadar je to potrebno za doseganje teh namenov v korist posameznikov in družbe kot celote, zlasti v okviru upravljanja storitev in sistemov zdravstvenega ali socialnega varstva, vključno z obdelavo takšnih podatkov s strani uprave in osrednjih nacionalnih zdravstvenih organov zaradi nadzora kakovosti, upravljanja informacij ter splošnega nacionalnega in lokalnega nadzora sistema zdravstvenega ali socialnega varstva, ter zagotavljanja neprekinjenosti zdravstvenega ali socialnega varstva in čezmejnega zdravstvenega varstva ali zaradi zdravstvene varnosti, spremljanja in opozarjanja ali v namene arhiviranja v javnem interesu, znanstveno- ali zgodovinskoraziskovalne namene ali statistične namene na podlagi prava Unije ali prava držav članic, ki mora izpolnjevati cilj javnega interesa, pa tudi v okviru študij v javnem interesu, ki se izvajajo na področju javnega zdravja. Zato bi bilo treba v tej uredbi ob upoštevanju posebnih potreb določiti usklajene pogoje za obdelavo posebnih vrst osebnih podatkov v zvezi z zdravjem, zlasti kadar take podatke v določene namene v zvezi z zdravjem obdelujejo osebe, za katere velja pravna obveznost varovanja poklicne skrivnosti. V pravu Unije ali pravu držav članic bi bilo treba določiti posebne in ustrezne ukrepe za zaščito temeljnih pravic in osebnih podatkov posameznikov. Države članice bi morale imeti možnost, da ohranijo ali uvedejo dodatne pogoje, tudi omejitve, glede obdelave genetskih podatkov, biometričnih podatkov ali podatkov o zdravstvenem stanju. To pa ne bi smelo ovirati prostega pretoka osebnih podatkov v Uniji, kadar ti pogoji veljajo za čezmejno obdelavo takih podatkov.
(53) Special categories of personal data which merit higher protection should be processed for health-related purposes only where necessary to achieve those purposes for the benefit of natural persons and society as a whole, in particular in the context of the management of health or social care services and systems, including processing by the management and central national health authorities of such data for the purpose of quality control, management information and the general national and local supervision of the health or social care system, and ensuring continuity of health or social care and cross-border healthcare or health security, monitoring and alert purposes, or for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, based on Union or Member State law which has to meet an objective of public interest, as well as for studies conducted in the public interest in the area of public health. Therefore, this Regulation should provide for harmonised conditions for the processing of special categories of personal data concerning health, in respect of specific needs, in particular where the processing of such data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by persons subject to a legal obligation of professional secrecy. Union or Member State law should provide for specific and suitable measures so as to protect the fundamental rights and the personal data of natural persons. Member States should be allowed to maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data concerning health. However, this should not hamper the free flow of personal data within the Union when those conditions apply to cross-border processing of such data.
(54) Obdelava posebnih vrst osebnih podatkov je lahko potrebna iz razlogov javnega interesa na področju javnega zdravja brez privolitve posameznika, na katerega se nanašajo osebni podatki. Za takšno obdelavo bi morali veljati ustrezni in posebni ukrepi za zaščito pravic in svoboščin posameznikov. V zvezi s tem bi bilo treba pojem „javno zdravje“ razlagati, kakor je opredeljen v Uredbi (ES) št. 1338/2008 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta (11), kjer pomeni vse elemente, povezane z zdravjem, in sicer zdravstveno stanje, vključno z obolevnostjo in invalidnostjo, determinante, ki vplivajo na zdravstveno stanje, potrebe zdravstvenega varstva, vire, namenjene zdravstvenemu varstvu, zagotavljanje in splošni dostop do zdravstvenega varstva, pa tudi izdatke in financiranje zdravstvenega varstva ter vzroke smrtnosti. Zaradi take obdelave podatkov v zvezi z zdravjem iz razlogov javnega interesa tretje osebe, kot so delodajalci ali zavarovalnice in bančne družbe, ne bi smele obdelovati osebnih podatkov v druge namene.
(54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and specific measures so as to protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council [11], namely all elements related to health, namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an effect on that health status, health care needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care expenditure and financing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance and banking companies.
(55) Poleg tega se obdelava osebnih podatkov s strani državnih organov za namen doseganja ciljev uradno priznanih verskih skupnosti, ki so določeni z ustavnim pravom ali mednarodnim javnim pravom, izvaja zaradi javnega interesa.
(55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by official authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by constitutional law or by international public law, of officially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of public interest.
(56) Kadar med volilnimi dejavnostmi delovanje demokratičnega sistema v državi članici zahteva, da politične stranke zberejo osebne podatke o političnih mnenjih ljudi, se lahko obdelava takih podatkov dovoli iz razlogov javnega interesa, če so vzpostavljeni ustrezni zaščitni ukrepi.
(56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
(EN) The first exception is based on “explicit consent”. Article 9 consent differs from the general notion of consent of article 6 in one important aspect: it must be explicitly provided by the person concerned. It means that the consent must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous, under the definition of article 4 (11), and, in addition to these requirements, it must be “explicit”.
What form of consent is considered “explicit” and thus valid under article 9? The sensitive nature of the data involved entails a consent that goes beyond the regular “statement or clear affirmative action” [article 4 (11)] on the part of the data subject. It means that s/he must give “an express statement of consent” (Guidelines on Consent), even in the case where services are provided on a contractual basis. An explicit consent is needed because there is no contract based exceptions in article 9 (2) a controller can rely on.
The Guidelines on Consent suggest that a written statement or even a signed written statement may be required, even though the GDPR does not prescribe such a form of consent. A signed consent may be relevant if health data are collected, for example, in the context of services offered by a private clinic or a convalescent home. A plastic surgeon may need to gather information about a client’s health condition or share medical information to seek a second opinion from one of her/his colleagues. The managers of a convalescent home will have to gather information about a future pensionary’s health condition to arrange the appropriate services needed during her/his stay.
A signed written statement is not as practical in the digital or online environment. How can a person consent if, for example, s/he buys a plane ticket online and requires special medical assistance at boarding time, during the flight or at her/his arrival at destination? A valid consent will also be difficult to obtain if a person places an online order for buying special eyewear as the seller has to collect health-related information about her/his vision and share it with the manufacturer.
Simply following a link or ticking a box might be regarded as an insufficient consent in these examples. The Guidelines on Consent recommend other forms of consent, like filling in an electronic form, using an electronic signature, recording an oral statement or proceeding with a two-step verification (ticking a box in a form and confirming the consent by email afterward, for example).
Article 9 prescribes that a person must consent “for one or more specified purposes”. The requirement goes beyond the “specific” quality of consent required by article 4 (11). Purposes must be clearly specified, which implies that the consent must be tied to specific data or precise categories of data that the controller will be allowed to process.
You must always remember that the GDPR is not a complete statement on the state of the law on data protection in a particular Member State, and it is particularly true here because there is an exception to the exception. Consent is an invalid basis to process special categories of personal data if a Member State prohibits the lifting of the prohibition for processing special categories of personal data by an individual in its national legislation, as the GDPR allows it.