(51) Sellist laadi isikuandmed, mis on oma olemuselt põhiõiguste ja -vabaduste seisukohast eriti tundlikud, väärivad erilist kaitset, sest nende töötlemise kontekst võib põhiõigusi ja -vabadusi olulisel määral ohustada. Need isikuandmed peaksid hõlmama ka niisuguseid isikuandmeid, millest ilmneb rassiline või etniline päritolu, kusjuures mõiste „rassiline päritolu“ kasutamine käesolevas määruses ei osuta sellele, et liit aktsepteerib teooriaid, millega püütakse määrata kindlaks eraldi inimrasside olemasolu. Fotode töötlemist ei peaks süstemaatiliselt käsitlema isikuandmete eriliikide töötlemisena, kuna need on hõlmatud üksnes biomeetriliste andmete määratlusega, kui neid töödeldakse konkreetsete tehniliste vahenditega, mis võimaldavad füüsilist isikut kordumatult tuvastada või autentida. Selliseid isikuandmeid ei tohiks töödelda, välja arvatud käesolevas määruses sätestatud konkreetsetel juhtudel, kui töötlemine on lubatud, võttes arvesse seda, et liikmesriikide õiguses võib kehtestada konkreetseid andmekaitse-eeskirju, et kohandada käesoleva määruse eeskirjade kohaldamist juriidilise kohustuse täitmiseks või avalikes huvides oleva ülesande täitmiseks või vastutava töötleja avaliku võimu teostamiseks. Lisaks sellise töötlemise erinõuetele tuleks kohaldada käesoleva määruse üldpõhimõtteid ja muid eeskirju, eelkõige seoses seadusliku töötlemise tingimustega. Erandid selliste isikuandmete eriliikide töötlemise üldisest keelust peaksid olema sõnaselgelt sätestatud, muu hulgas, kui andmesubjekt annab selleks oma selgesõnalise nõusoleku, või konkreetse vajaduse korral, eelkõige juhul, kui töödeldakse teatavate ühenduste või sihtasutuste seadusliku tegevuse käigus, mille eesmärk on võimaldada põhivabaduste kasutamist.
(51) Personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit specific protection as the context of their processing could create significant risks to the fundamental rights and freedoms. Those personal data should include personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, whereby the use of the term ‘racial origin’ in this Regulation does not imply an acceptance by the Union of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. The processing of photographs should not systematically be considered to be processing of special categories of personal data as they are covered by the definition of biometric data only when processed through a specific technical means allowing the unique identification or authentication of a natural person. Such personal data should not be processed, unless processing is allowed in specific cases set out in this Regulation, taking into account that Member States law may lay down specific provisions on data protection in order to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation for compliance with a legal obligation or for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller. In addition to the specific requirements for such processing, the general principles and other rules of this Regulation should apply, in particular as regards the conditions for lawful processing. Derogations from the general prohibition for processing such special categories of personal data should be explicitly provided, inter alia, where the data subject gives his or her explicit consent or in respect of specific needs in particular where the processing is carried out in the course of legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental freedoms.
(52) Isikuandmete eriliikide töötlemise keelust peaks olema lubatud kõrvale kalduda ka juhul, kui see on sätestatud liidu või liikmesriigi õiguses, ja eeldusel, et kehtestatakse asjakohased kaitsemeetmed, et kaitsta isikuandmeid ja muid põhiõigusi, kui see on avalikes huvides, eelkõige isikuandmete töötlemine tööõiguse, sotsiaalkaitseõiguse, sealhulgas pensionide valdkonnas ning terviseturbe, -seire ja hoiatamisega seotud eesmärkidel, nakkushaiguste ennetamine ja tõrje ning muud tõsised terviseohud. Sellise erandi võib teha tervisega seotud eesmärkidel, sealhulgas rahvatervise ja tervishoiuteenuste korraldamise valdkonnas, eelkõige selleks, et tagada tervisekindlustussüsteemis hüvitisi ja teenuseid puudutavate nõuete rahuldamiseks kasutatavate menetluste kvaliteet ja kulutasuvus, või avalikes huvides toimuva arhiveerimise, teadus- või ajaloouuringute või statistilisel eesmärgil. Erand peaks võimaldama selliste isikuandmete töötlemist ka siis, kui see on vajalik õigusnõuete koostamiseks, esitamiseks või kaitsmiseks sõltumata sellest, kas see toimub kohtumenetluse, haldusmenetluse või kohtuvälise menetluse raames.
(52) Derogating from the prohibition on processing special categories of personal data should also be allowed when provided for in Union or Member State law and subject to suitable safeguards, so as to protect personal data and other fundamental rights, where it is in the public interest to do so, in particular processing personal data in the field of employment law, social protection law including pensions and for health security, monitoring and alert purposes, the prevention or control of communicable diseases and other serious threats to health. Such a derogation may be made for health purposes, including public health and the management of health-care services, especially in order to ensure the quality and cost-effectiveness of the procedures used for settling claims for benefits and services in the health insurance system, or for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes. A derogation should also allow the processing of such personal data where necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims, whether in court proceedings or in an administrative or out-of-court procedure.
(53) Tugevamat kaitset väärivate isikuandmete eriliike tuleks töödelda üksnes tervisega seotud eesmärkidel, kui need eesmärgid on vaja saavutada füüsiliste isikute ja kogu ühiskonna hüvanguks, eelkõige tervishoiu- või sotsiaalhoolekandeteenuste ja -süsteemide juhtimise kontekstis, sealhulgas selliste andmete töötlemisel juhtkonna ja kesksete riiklike terviseasutuste poolt sellistel eesmärkidel nagu kvaliteedikontroll, juhtimisteave ning tervishoiu- või sotsiaalhoolekandesüsteemi üldine riiklik ja kohalik järelevalve ning tervishoiu või sotsiaalhoolekande järjepidevuse ja piiriülese tervishoiu või terviseturbe tagamine, seire ja hoiatamise eesmärkidel või avalikes huvides toimuva arhiveerimise, teadus- või ajaloouuringute või statistilisel eesmärgil liidu või liikmesriigi õiguse alusel, mis peab vastama avalikule huvile, ning rahvatervise valdkonnas avalikust huvist lähtuvalt tehtud uuringute jaoks. Seetõttu tuleks käesolevas määruses ette näha ühtsed tervisealaste isikuandmete eriliikide töötlemise tingimused konkreetsete vajaduste osas, eelkõige juhul, kui selliseid andmeid töötlevad teatavatel tervishoiuga seotud eesmärkidel isikud, kellel on juriidiline kohustus hoida ametisaladust. Liidu või liikmesriigi õiguses tuleks ette näha konkreetsed ja sobivad meetmed, et kaitsta füüsiliste isikute põhiõigusi ja isikuandmeid. Liikmesriikidel peaks olema lubatud säilitada või kehtestada täiendavad tingimused, sealhulgas piirangud seoses geneetiliste, biomeetriliste või terviseandmete töötlemisega. See ei tohiks aga takistada isikuandmete vaba liikumist liidus, kui neid tingimusi kohaldatakse selliste andmete piiriülese töötlemise suhtes.
(53) Special categories of personal data which merit higher protection should be processed for health-related purposes only where necessary to achieve those purposes for the benefit of natural persons and society as a whole, in particular in the context of the management of health or social care services and systems, including processing by the management and central national health authorities of such data for the purpose of quality control, management information and the general national and local supervision of the health or social care system, and ensuring continuity of health or social care and cross-border healthcare or health security, monitoring and alert purposes, or for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes, based on Union or Member State law which has to meet an objective of public interest, as well as for studies conducted in the public interest in the area of public health. Therefore, this Regulation should provide for harmonised conditions for the processing of special categories of personal data concerning health, in respect of specific needs, in particular where the processing of such data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by persons subject to a legal obligation of professional secrecy. Union or Member State law should provide for specific and suitable measures so as to protect the fundamental rights and the personal data of natural persons. Member States should be allowed to maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data concerning health. However, this should not hamper the free flow of personal data within the Union when those conditions apply to cross-border processing of such data.
(54) Isikuandmete eriliike võib olla vaja töödelda avalikes huvides rahvatervisega seotud valdkondades ilma andmesubjekti nõusolekuta. Sellisel töötlemisel tuleks kohaldada sobivaid ja konkreetseid meetmeid, et kaitsta füüsiliste isikute õigusi ja vabadusi. Selles kontekstis tuleks mõistet „rahvatervis“ tõlgendada vastavalt Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu määrusele (EÜ) nr 1338/2008 [11], mille kohaselt rahvatervis on kõik tervisega seotud asjaolud, nimelt tervislik seisund, sealhulgas haigestumus ja puuded, tervislikku seisundit mõjutavad tegurid, tervishoiualased vajadused, tervishoiule eraldatud vahendid, tervishoiuteenuse osutamine ja selle üldine kättesaadavus, samuti kulutused tervishoiule ja selle rahastamine ning suremuse põhjused. Sellise terviseandmete avalikes huvides töötlemise tulemusel ei tohiks isikuandmeid muudel eesmärkidel töödelda kolmandad isikud, näiteks tööandjad või kindlustus- ja pangandusettevõtjad.
(54) The processing of special categories of personal data may be necessary for reasons of public interest in the areas of public health without consent of the data subject. Such processing should be subject to suitable and specific measures so as to protect the rights and freedoms of natural persons. In that context, ‘public health’ should be interpreted as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council [11], namely all elements related to health, namely health status, including morbidity and disability, the determinants having an effect on that health status, health care needs, resources allocated to health care, the provision of, and universal access to, health care as well as health care expenditure and financing, and the causes of mortality. Such processing of data concerning health for reasons of public interest should not result in personal data being processed for other purposes by third parties such as employers or insurance and banking companies.
(55) Lisaks sellele töötlevad ametiasutused isikuandmeid avalike huvide tagamiseks konstitutsiooniõiguses või rahvusvahelises avalikus õiguses sätestatud ametlikult tunnustatud religioossete ühenduste eesmärkide saavutamiseks.
(55) Moreover, the processing of personal data by official authorities for the purpose of achieving the aims, laid down by constitutional law or by international public law, of officially recognised religious associations, is carried out on grounds of public interest.
(56) Kui valimisprotsessi käigus näeb demokraatlik süsteem liikmesriigis ette, et poliitilised parteid koguvad isikuandmeid inimeste poliitiliste vaadete kohta, võib selliste andmete töötlemine olla lubatud avalike huvidega seotud põhjustel ja tingimusel, et kehtestatakse vajalikud kaitsemeetmed.
(56) Where in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system in a Member State requires that political parties compile personal data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data may be permitted for reasons of public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established.
(EN) The first exception is based on “explicit consent”. Article 9 consent differs from the general notion of consent of article 6 in one important aspect: it must be explicitly provided by the person concerned. It means that the consent must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous, under the definition of article 4 (11), and, in addition to these requirements, it must be “explicit”.
What form of consent is considered “explicit” and thus valid under article 9? The sensitive nature of the data involved entails a consent that goes beyond the regular “statement or clear affirmative action” [article 4 (11)] on the part of the data subject. It means that s/he must give “an express statement of consent” (Guidelines on Consent), even in the case where services are provided on a contractual basis. An explicit consent is needed because there is no contract based exceptions in article 9 (2) a controller can rely on.
The Guidelines on Consent suggest that a written statement or even a signed written statement may be required, even though the GDPR does not prescribe such a form of consent. A signed consent may be relevant if health data are collected, for example, in the context of services offered by a private clinic or a convalescent home. A plastic surgeon may need to gather information about a client’s health condition or share medical information to seek a second opinion from one of her/his colleagues. The managers of a convalescent home will have to gather information about a future pensionary’s health condition to arrange the appropriate services needed during her/his stay.
A signed written statement is not as practical in the digital or online environment. How can a person consent if, for example, s/he buys a plane ticket online and requires special medical assistance at boarding time, during the flight or at her/his arrival at destination? A valid consent will also be difficult to obtain if a person places an online order for buying special eyewear as the seller has to collect health-related information about her/his vision and share it with the manufacturer.
Simply following a link or ticking a box might be regarded as an insufficient consent in these examples. The Guidelines on Consent recommend other forms of consent, like filling in an electronic form, using an electronic signature, recording an oral statement or proceeding with a two-step verification (ticking a box in a form and confirming the consent by email afterward, for example).
Article 9 prescribes that a person must consent “for one or more specified purposes”. The requirement goes beyond the “specific” quality of consent required by article 4 (11). Purposes must be clearly specified, which implies that the consent must be tied to specific data or precise categories of data that the controller will be allowed to process.
You must always remember that the GDPR is not a complete statement on the state of the law on data protection in a particular Member State, and it is particularly true here because there is an exception to the exception. Consent is an invalid basis to process special categories of personal data if a Member State prohibits the lifting of the prohibition for processing special categories of personal data by an individual in its national legislation, as the GDPR allows it.