2.1.3.1 «state of the art»
2.1.3.1 «state of the art»
18. The concept of «state of the art» is present in various EU acquis, e.g. environmental protection and product safety. In the GDPR, reference to the «state of the art» [8] is made not only in Article 32, for security measures,[9][10] but also in Article 25, thus extending this benchmark to all technical and organisational measures embedded in the processing.
18. The concept of «state of the art» is present in various EU acquis, e.g. environmental protection and product safety. In the GDPR, reference to the «state of the art» [8] is made not only in Article 32, for security measures,[9][10] but also in Article 25, thus extending this benchmark to all technical and organisational measures embedded in the processing.
[8] See German Federal Constitutional Court’s «Kalkar» decision in 1978: https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=67 may provide the foundation for a methodology for an objective definition of the concept. On that basis, the «state of the art» technology level would be identified between the «existing scientific knowledge and research» technology level and the more established «generally accepted rules of technology». The «state of the art» can hence be identified as the technology level of a service or technology or product that exists in the market and is most effective in achieving the objectives identified.
[8] See German Federal Constitutional Court’s «Kalkar» decision in 1978: https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=67 may provide the foundation for a methodology for an objective definition of the concept. On that basis, the «state of the art» technology level would be identified between the «existing scientific knowledge and research» technology level and the more established «generally accepted rules of technology». The «state of the art» can hence be identified as the technology level of a service or technology or product that exists in the market and is most effective in achieving the objectives identified.
[9] https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/what-is-state-of-the-art-in-it-security
[9] https://www.enisa.europa.eu/news/enisa-news/what-is-state-of-the-art-in-it-security
[10] www.teletrust.de/en/publikationen/broschueren/state-of-the-art-in-it-security/
[10] www.teletrust.de/en/publikationen/broschueren/state-of-the-art-in-it-security/
19. In the context of Article 25, the reference to «state of the art» imposes an obligation on controllers, when determining the appropriate technical and organisational measures, to take account of the current progress in technology that is available in the market. The requirement is for controllers to have knowledge of, and stay up to date on technological advances; how technology can present data protection risks or opportunities to the processing operation; and how to implement and update the measures and safeguards that secure effective implementation of the principles and rights of data subjects taking into account the evolving technological landscape.
19. In the context of Article 25, the reference to «state of the art» imposes an obligation on controllers, when determining the appropriate technical and organisational measures, to take account of the current progress in technology that is available in the market. The requirement is for controllers to have knowledge of, and stay up to date on technological advances; how technology can present data protection risks or opportunities to the processing operation; and how to implement and update the measures and safeguards that secure effective implementation of the principles and rights of data subjects taking into account the evolving technological landscape.
20. The «state of the art» is a dynamic concept that cannot be statically defined at a fixed point in time, but should be assessed continuously in the context of technological progress. In the face of technological advancements, a controller could find that a measure that once provided an adequate level of protection no longer does. Neglecting to keep up to date with technological changes could therefore result in a lack of compliance with Article 25.
20. The «state of the art» is a dynamic concept that cannot be statically defined at a fixed point in time, but should be assessed continuously in the context of technological progress. In the face of technological advancements, a controller could find that a measure that once provided an adequate level of protection no longer does. Neglecting to keep up to date with technological changes could therefore result in a lack of compliance with Article 25.
21. The «state of the art» criterion does not only apply to technological measures, but also to organisational ones. Lack of appropriate organisational measures can lower or even completely undermine the effectiveness of a chosen technology. Examples of organisational measures can be adoption of internal policies; up-to date training on technology, security and data protection; and IT security governance and management policies.
21. The «state of the art» criterion does not only apply to technological measures, but also to organisational ones. Lack of appropriate organisational measures can lower or even completely undermine the effectiveness of a chosen technology. Examples of organisational measures can be adoption of internal policies; up-to date training on technology, security and data protection; and IT security governance and management policies.
22. Existing and recognized frameworks, standards, certifications, codes of conduct, etc. in different fields may play a role in indicating the current «state of the art» within the given field of use. Where such standards exist and provide a high level of protection for the data subject in compliance with – or go beyond – legal requirements, controllers should take them into account in the design and implementation of data protection measures.
22. Existing and recognized frameworks, standards, certifications, codes of conduct, etc. in different fields may play a role in indicating the current «state of the art» within the given field of use. Where such standards exist and provide a high level of protection for the data subject in compliance with – or go beyond – legal requirements, controllers should take them into account in the design and implementation of data protection measures.
ISO/IEC 27701, принятый в 2019, добавил дополнительное руководство к ISO/IEC 27002 для контролеров персональных данных (ПИИ).
Приводим соответствующий параграф к статье 32(1)(a) GDPR:
7.4.5 Деидентификация ПИИ и удаление в конце обработки
Средство управления
Организация должна либо удалить ПИИ, либо представить её в форме, которая не позволяет идентифицировать или повторно идентифицировать субъектов ПИИ, как только исходная ПИИ больше не нужна для определенных целей.
Руководство по внедрению
Организация должна иметь механизмы для удаления ПИИ, когда дальнейшая обработка не ожидается
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