Članak 28. 📖 GDPR. Izvršitelj obrade

Članak 28. GDPR. Izvršitelj obrade

Article 28 GDPR. Processor

1. Ako se obrada provodi u ime voditelja obrade, voditelj obrade koristi se jedino izvršiteljima obrade koji u dovoljnoj mjeri jamče provedbu odgovarajućih tehničkih i organizacijskih mjera na način da je obrada u skladu sa zahtjevima iz ove Uredbe i da se njome osigurava zaštita prava ispitanika.

1. Where processing is to be carried out on behalf of a controller, the controller shall use only processors providing sufficient guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that processing will meet the requirements of this Regulation and ensure the protection of the rights of the data subject.

2. Izvršitelj obrade ne smije angažirati drugog izvršitelja obrade bez prethodnog posebnog ili općeg pisanog odobrenja voditelja obrade. U slučaju općeg pisanog odobrenja, izvršitelj obrade obavješćuje voditelja obrade o svim planiranim izmjenama u vezi s dodavanjem ili zamjenom drugih izvršitelja obrade kako bi time voditelju obrade omogućio da uloži prigovor na takve izmjene.

2. The processor shall not engage another processor without prior specific or general written authorisation of the controller. In the case of general written authorisation, the processor shall inform the controller of any intended changes concerning the addition or replacement of other processors, thereby giving the controller the opportunity to object to such changes.

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII processors.

Here is the relevant paragraphs to article 28(2) GDPR:

8.5.6 Disclosure of subcontractors used to process PII

Control

The organization should disclose any use of subcontractors to process PII to the customer before use.

Implementation guidance

Provisions for the use of subcontractors to process PII should be included in the customer contract.

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3. Obrada koju provodi izvršitelj obrade uređuje se ugovorom ili drugim pravnim aktom u skladu s pravom Unije ili pravom države članice, koji izvršitelja obrade obvezuje prema voditelju obrade, a koji navodi predmet i trajanje obrade, prirodu i svrhu obrade, vrstu osobnih podataka i kategoriju ispitanika te obveze i prava voditelja obrade. Tim se ugovorom ili drugim pravnim aktom osobito određuje da izvršitelj obrade:

3. Processing by a processor shall be governed by a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, that is binding on the processor with regard to the controller and that sets out the subject-matter and duration of the processing, the nature and purpose of the processing, the type of personal data and categories of data subjects and the obligations and rights of the controller. That contract or other legal act shall stipulate, in particular, that the processor:

(a) obrađuje osobne podatke samo prema zabilježenim uputama voditelja obrade, među ostalim s obzirom na prijenose osobnih podataka trećoj zemlji ili međunarodnoj organizaciji, osim ako to nalaže pravo Unije ili pravo države članice kojem podliježe izvršitelj obrade; u tom slučaju izvršitelj obrade izvješćuje voditelja obrade o tom pravnom zahtjevu prije obrade, osim ako se tim pravom zabranjuje takvo izvješćivanje zbog važnih razloga od javnog interesa;

(a) processes the personal data only on documented instructions from the controller, including with regard to transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, unless required to do so by Union or Member State law to which the processor is subject; in such a case, the processor shall inform the controller of that legal requirement before processing, unless that law prohibits such information on important grounds of public interest;

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII processors.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 28(3)(a) GDPR:

8.2.2 Organization’s purposes

Control

The organization should ensure that PII processed on behalf of a customer are only processed for the purposes expressed in the documented instructions of the customer.

Implementation guidance

The contract between the organization and the customer should include, but not be limited to, the objective and time frame to be achieved by the service.

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(b) osigurava da su se osobe ovlaštene za obradu osobnih podataka obvezale na poštovanje povjerljivosti ili da podliježu zakonskim obvezama o povjerljivosti;

(b) ensures that persons authorised to process the personal data have committed themselves to confidentiality or are under an appropriate statutory obligation of confidentiality;

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added a requirement additional to ISO/IEC 27002, section 13.2.4.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 28(3)(b) GDPR:

6.10.2.4 Confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements

Implementation guidance

The organization should ensure that individuals operating under its control with access to PII are subject to a confidentiality obligation. The confidentiality agreement, whether part of a contract or separate, should specify the length of time the obligations should be adhered to.

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(c) poduzima sve potrebne mjere u skladu s člankom 32.;

(c) takes all measures required pursuant to Article 32;

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Članak 32. GDPR. Sigurnost obrade

Article 32 GDPR. Security of processing

1. Uzimajući u obzir najnovija dostignuća, troškove provedbe te prirodu, opseg, kontekst i svrhe obrade, kao i rizik različitih razina vjerojatnosti i ozbiljnosti za prava i slobode pojedinaca, voditelj obrade i izvršitelj obrade provode odgovarajuće tehničke i organizacijske mjere kako bi osigurali odgovarajuću razinu sigurnosti s obzirom na rizik, uključujući prema potrebi:

1. Taking into account the state of the art, the costs of implementation and the nature, scope, context and purposes of processing as well as the risk of varying likelihood and severity for the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller and the processor shall implement appropriate technical and organisational measures to ensure a level of security appropriate to the risk, including inter alia as appropriate:

(a) pseudonimizaciju i enkripciju osobnih podataka;

(a) the pseudonymisation and encryption of personal data;

(b) sposobnost osiguravanja trajne povjerljivosti, cjelovitosti, dostupnosti i otpornosti sustava i usluga obrade;

(b) the ability to ensure the ongoing confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of processing systems and services;

(c) sposobnost pravodobne ponovne uspostave dostupnosti osobnih podataka i pristupa njima u slučaju fizičkog ili tehničkog incidenta;

(c) the ability to restore the availability and access to personal data in a timely manner in the event of a physical or technical incident;

(d) proces za redovno testiranje, ocjenjivanje i procjenjivanje učinkovitosti tehničkih i organizacijskih mjera za osiguravanje sigurnosti obrade.

(d) a process for regularly testing, assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of technical and organisational measures for ensuring the security of the processing.

2. Prilikom procjene odgovarajuće razine sigurnosti u obzir se posebno uzimaju rizici koje predstavlja obrada, posebno rizici od slučajnog ili nezakonitog uništenja, gubitka, izmjene, neovlaštenog otkrivanja osobnih podataka ili neovlaštenog pristupa osobnim podacima koji su preneseni, pohranjeni ili na drugi način obrađivani.

2. In assessing the appropriate level of security account shall be taken in particular of the risks that are presented by processing, in particular from accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.

3. Poštovanje odobrenog kodeksa ponašanja iz članka 40. ili odobrenog mehanizma certificiranja iz članka 42. može se iskoristiti kao element za dokazivanje sukladnosti sa zahtjevima iz stavka 1. ovog članka.

3. Adherence to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certification mechanism as referred to in Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of this Article.

4. Voditelj obrade i izvršitelj obrade poduzimaju mjere kako bi osigurali da svaki pojedinac koji djeluje pod odgovornošću voditelja obrade ili izvršitelja obrade, a koji ima pristup osobnim podacima, ne obrađuje te podatke ako to nije prema uputama voditelja obrade, osim ako je to obvezan učiniti prema pravu Unije ili pravu države članice.

4. The controller and processor shall take steps to ensure that any natural person acting under the authority of the controller or the processor who has access to personal data does not process them except on instructions from the controller, unless he or she is required to do so by Union or Member State law.

(d) poštuje uvjete iz stavaka 2. i 4. za angažiranje drugog izvršitelja obrade;

(d) respects the conditions referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 for engaging another processor;

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII processors.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 28(3)(d) GDPR:

8.5.7 Engagement of a subcontractor to process PII

Control

The organization should only engage a subcontractor to process PII according to the customer contract.

Implementation guidance

Where the organization subcontracts some or all of the processing of that PII to another organization, a written authorization from the customer is required prior to the PII processed by the subcontractor. This can be in the form of appropriate clauses in the customer contract, or can be a specific “one-off” agreement.

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(e) uzimajući u obzir prirodu obrade, pomaže voditelju obrade putem odgovarajućih tehničkih i organizacijskih mjera, koliko je to moguće, da ispuni obvezu voditelja obrade u pogledu odgovaranja na zahtjeve za ostvarivanje prava ispitanika koja su utvrđena u poglavlju III.;

(e) taking into account the nature of the processing, assists the controller by appropriate technical and organisational measures, insofar as this is possible, for the fulfilment of the controller’s obligation to respond to requests for exercising the data subject’s rights laid down in Chapter III;

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII processors.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 28(3)(e) GDPR:

8.3.1 Obligations to PII principals

Control

The organization should provide the customer with the means to comply with its obligations related to PII principals.

Implementation guidance

A PII controller’s obligations can be defined by legislation, by regulation and/or by contract. These obligations can include matters where the customer uses the services of the organization for implementation of these obligations.

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(f) pomaže voditelju obrade u osiguravanju usklađenosti s obvezama u skladu s člancima od 32. do 36., uzimajući u obzir prirodu obrade i informacije koje su dostupne izvršitelju obrade;

(f) assists the controller in ensuring compliance with the obligations pursuant to Articles 32 to 36 taking into account the nature of processing and the information available to the processor;

Vezani tekstovi

Članak 32. GDPR. Sigurnost obrade

Article 32 GDPR. Security of processing

Članak 33. GDPR. Izvješćivanje nadzornog tijela o povredi osobnih podataka

Article 33 GDPR. Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority

Članak 34. GDPR. Obavješćivanje ispitanika o povredi osobnih podataka

Article 34 GDPR. Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject

Članak 35. GDPR. Procjena učinka na zaštitu podataka

Article 35 GDPR. Data protection impact assessment

Članak 36. GDPR. Prethodno savjetovanje

Article 36 GDPR. Prior consultation

(g) po izboru voditelja, briše ili vraća voditelju obrade sve osobne podatke nakon dovršetka pružanja usluga vezanih za obradu te briše postojeće kopije osim ako sukladno pravu Unije ili pravu države članice postoji obveza pohrane osobnih podataka;

(g) at the choice of the controller, deletes or returns all the personal data to the controller after the end of the provision of services relating to processing, and deletes existing copies unless Union or Member State law requires storage of the personal data;

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII processors.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 28(3)(g) GDPR:

8.4.2 Return, transfer or disposal of PII

Control

The organization should provide the ability to return, transfer and/or disposal of PII in a secure manner. It should also make its policy available to the customer.

Implementation guidance

At some point in time, PII can need to be disposed of in some manner. This can involve returning the PII to the customer, transferring it to another organization or to a PII controller (e.g. as a result of a merger), deleting or otherwise destroying it, de-identifying it or archiving it.

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(h) voditelju obrade stavlja na raspolaganje sve informacije koje su neophodne za dokazivanje poštovanja obveza utvrđenih u ovom članku i koje omogućuju revizije, uključujući inspekcije, koje provodi voditelj obrade ili drugi revizor kojeg je ovlastio voditelj obrade, te im doprinose.

(h) makes available to the controller all information necessary to demonstrate compliance with the obligations laid down in this Article and allow for and contribute to audits, including inspections, conducted by the controller or another auditor mandated by the controller.

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII processors.

Here is the relevant paragraphs to article 28(3)(h) GDPR:

8.2.4 Infringing instruction

Control

The organization should inform the customer if, in its opinion, a processing instruction infringes applicable legislation and/or regulation.

Implementation guidance

The organization’s ability to verify if the instruction infringes legislation and/or regulation can depend on the technological context, on the instruction itself, and on the contract between the organization and the customer.

8.2.5 Customer obligations

Control

The organization should provide the customer with the appropriate information such that the customer can demonstrate compliance with their obligations.

Implementation guidance

The information needed by the customer can include whether the organization allows for and contributes to audits conducted by the customer or another auditor mandated or otherwise agreed by the customer.

U pogledu točke (h) prvog podstavka, izvršitelj obrade odmah obavješćuje voditelja obrade ako prema njegovu mišljenju određena uputa krši ovu Uredbu ili druge odredbe Unije ili države članice o zaštiti podataka.

With regard to point (h) of the first subparagraph, the processor shall immediately inform the controller if, in its opinion, an instruction infringes this Regulation or other Union or Member State data protection provisions.

4. Ako izvršitelj obrade angažira drugog izvršitelja obrade za provođenje posebnih aktivnosti obrade u ime voditelja obrade, iste obveze za zaštitu podataka kao one koje su navedene u ugovoru ili drugom pravnom aktu između voditelja obrade i izvršitelja obrade iz stavka 3. nameću se tom drugom izvršitelju obrade ugovorom ili drugim pravnim aktom u skladu s pravom Unije ili pravom države članice, a osobito obveza davanja dostatnih jamstava za provedbu odgovarajućih tehničkih i organizacijskih mjera na način da se obradom udovoljava zahtjevima iz ove Uredbe. Ako taj drugi izvršitelj obrade ne ispunjava obveze zaštite podataka, početni izvršitelj obrade ostaje u cijelosti odgovoran voditelju obrade za izvršavanje obveza tog drugog izvršitelja obrade.

4. Where a processor engages another processor for carrying out specific processing activities on behalf of the controller, the same data protection obligations as set out in the contract or other legal act between the controller and the processor as referred to in paragraph 3 shall be imposed on that other processor by way of a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, in particular providing sufficient guarantees to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures in such a manner that the processing will meet the requirements of this Regulation. Where that other processor fails to fulfil its data protection obligations, the initial processor shall remain fully liable to the controller for the performance of that other processor’s obligations.

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added additional ISO/IEC 27002 guidance for PII processors.

Here is the relevant paragraph to article 28(4) GDPR:

8.5.6 Disclosure of subcontractors used to process PII

Control

The organization should disclose any use of subcontractors to process PII to the customer before use.

Implementation guidance

Provisions for the use of subcontractors to process PII should be included in the customer contract.

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5. Poštovanje od strane izvršitelja obrade odobrenih kodeksa ponašanja iz članka 40. ili odobrenog mehanizma certificiranja iz članka 42. može se koristiti kao element za dokazivanje pružanja dovoljnih jamstava iz stavaka 1. i 4. ovog članka.

5. Adherence of a processor to an approved code of conduct as referred to in Article 40 or an approved certification mechanism as referred to in Article 42 may be used as an element by which to demonstrate sufficient guarantees as referred to in paragraphs 1 and 4 of this Article.

Vezani tekstovi

Članak 40. GDPR. Kodeksi ponašanja

Article 40 GDPR. Codes of conduct

Članak 42. GDPR. Certificiranje

Article 42 GDPR. Certification

6. Ne dovodeći u pitanje pojedinačni ugovor između voditelja obrade i izvršitelja obrade, ugovor ili drugi pravni akt iz stavaka 3. i 4.ovog članka može se temeljiti, u cijelosti ili djelomično, na standardnim ugovornim klauzulama iz stavaka 7. i 8. ovog članka, među ostalim klauzulama koje su dio certifikata dodijeljenog voditelju obrade ili izvršitelju obrade u skladu s člancima 42. i 43.

6. Without prejudice to an individual contract between the controller and the processor, the contract or the other legal act referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article may be based, in whole or in part, on standard contractual clauses referred to in paragraphs 7 and 8 of this Article, including when they are part of a certification granted to the controller or processor pursuant to Articles 42 and 43.

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Članak 42. GDPR. Certificiranje

Article 42 GDPR. Certification

Članak 43. GDPR. Certifikacijska tijela

Article 43 GDPR. Certification bodies

7. Komisija može utvrditi standardne ugovorne klauzule za pitanja iz stavka 3. i 4.ovog članka,a u skladu s postupkom ispitivanja iz članka 93. stavka 2.

7. The Commission may lay down standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article and in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 93(2).

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Članak 93. GDPR. Postupak odbora

Article 93 GDPR. Committee procedure

[…]

2. Pri upućivanju na ovaj stavak, primjenjuje se članak 5. Uredbe (EU) br. 182/2011.

2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

[…]

8. Nadzorno tijelo može donijeti standardne ugovorne klauzule za pitanja iz stavka 3. i 4.ovog članka, a u skladu s mehanizmom za usklađivanje iz članka 63.

8. A supervisory authority may adopt standard contractual clauses for the matters referred to in paragraph 3 and 4 of this Article and in accordance with the consistency mechanism referred to in Article 63.

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Članak 63. GDPR. Mehanizam konzistentnosti

Article 63 GDPR. Consistency mechanism

Kako bi se doprinijelo dosljednoj primjeni ove Uredbe u cijeloj Uniji, nadzorna tijela surađuju međusobno i prema potrebi s Komisijom u okviru mehanizma konzistentnosti, kako je utvrđeno u ovom odjeljku.

In order to contribute to the consistent application of this Regulation throughout the Union, the supervisory authorities shall cooperate with each other and, where relevant, with the Commission, through the consistency mechanism as set out in this Section.

9. Ugovor ili drugi pravni akt iz stavaka 3. i 4. mora biti upisanom obliku, uključujući elektronički oblik.

9. The contract or the other legal act referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 shall be in writing, including in electronic form.

10. Ne dovodeći u pitanje članke 82., 83. i 84., ako izvršitelj obrade krši ovu Uredbu utvrđivanjem svrhe i načine obrade podataka, izvršitelj obrade smatra se voditeljem obrade u pogledu te obrade.

10. Without prejudice to Articles 82, 83 and 84, if a processor infringes this Regulation by determining the purposes and means of processing, the processor shall be considered to be a controller in respect of that processing.

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Članak 82. GDPR. Pravo na naknadu štete i odgovornost

Article 82 GDPR. Right to compensation and liability

Članak 83. GDPR. Opći uvjeti za izricanje upravnih novčanih kazni

Article 83 GDPR. General conditions for imposing administrative fines

Članak 84. GDPR. Sankcije

Article 84 GDPR. Penalties

Opća uredba o zaštiti podataka (GDPR)

General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR)

The latest consolidated version of the Regulation with corrections by Corrigendum, OJ L 127, 23.5.2018, p. 2 ((EU) 2016/679). Source: EUR-lex.

Stručni komentar ISO 27701 Uvodne izjave Smjernice i sudska praksa Ostavite komentar

Stručni komentar

(EN) A processor is a person or an organization that processes personal data on behalf and under the authority of a controller [Articles 4(8) and 28(1)]. The term used in the English text of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) remains difficult to apprehend by a non-legal audience, so it is useful to turn to other linguistic versions for a better understanding.

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(EN) Author

(EN) Louis-Philippe Gratton PhD, LLM

(EN) Privacy Expert

(EN) Ask a question

ISO 27701

(EN) ISO/IEC 27701, adopted in 2019, added a requirement additional to ISO/IEC 27001, section 4.1.

Here is the relevant paragraph to articles 28(5), 28(6), and 28(10) GDPR:

5.2.1 Understanding the organization and its context

The organization shall include among its interested parties (see ISO/IEC 27001:2013, 4.2), those parties having interests or responsibilities associated with the processing of PII, including the PII principals.

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Uvodne izjave

(81) Kako bi se osiguralo poštovanje zahtjeva iz ove Uredbe u vezi s obradom koju provodi izvršitelj obrade u ime voditelja obrade, pri povjeravanju aktivnosti obrade izvršitelju obrade, voditelj obrade trebao bi angažirati samo izvršitelje obrade koji u zadovoljavajućoj mjeri jamče, osobito u pogledu stručnog znanja, pouzdanosti i resursa, provedbu tehničkih i organizacijskih mjera koje udovoljavaju zahtjevima iz ove Uredbe, među ostalim u pogledu sigurnosti obrade. Poštovanje odobrenog kodeksa ponašanja ili mehanizma certificiranja odobrenog od strane izvršitelja obrade može se upotrijebiti kao element u dokazivanju poštovanja obveza voditelja obrade. Provođenje obrade od strane izvršitelja obrade trebalo bi biti uređeno ugovorom ili drugim pravnim aktom u skladu s pravom Unije ili pravom države članice koji izvršitelja obrade obvezuje prema voditelju obrade, a u kojemu su navedeni predmet i trajanje obrade, priroda i svrhe obrade, vrsta osobnih podataka te kategorije ispitanika, uzimajući u obzir posebne zadaće i odgovornosti izvršitelja obrade u kontekstu obrade koju treba provesti te rizika za prava i slobode ispitanika. Voditelj obrade i izvršitelj obrade mogu izabrati pojedinačni ugovor ili standardne ugovorne klauzule koje je ili izravno donijela Komisija ili ih je donijelo nadzorno tijelo u skladu s mehanizmom konzistentnosti, a potom donijela Komisija. Nakon što završi obradu u ime voditelja obrade, izvršitelj obrade trebao bi, prema izboru voditelja obrade, vratiti ili izbrisati osobne podatke osim ako postoji obveza pohrane osobnih podataka sukladno pravu Unije ili pravu države članice kojem izvršitelj obrade podliježe.

(81) To ensure compliance with the requirements of this Regulation in respect of the processing to be carried out by the processor on behalf of the controller, when entrusting a processor with processing activities, the controller should use only processors providing sufficient guarantees, in particular in terms of expert knowledge, reliability and resources, to implement technical and organisational measures which will meet the requirements of this Regulation, including for the security of processing. The adherence of the processor to an approved code of conduct or an approved certification mechanism may be used as an element to demonstrate compliance with the obligations of the controller. The carrying-out of processing by a processor should be governed by a contract or other legal act under Union or Member State law, binding the processor to the controller, setting out the subject-matter and duration of the processing, the nature and purposes of the processing, the type of personal data and categories of data subjects, taking into account the specific tasks and responsibilities of the processor in the context of the processing to be carried out and the risk to the rights and freedoms of the data subject. The controller and processor may choose to use an individual contract or standard contractual clauses which are adopted either directly by the Commission or by a supervisory authority in accordance with the consistency mechanism and then adopted by the Commission. After the completion of the processing on behalf of the controller, the processor should, at the choice of the controller, return or delete the personal data, unless there is a requirement to store the personal data under Union or Member State law to which the processor is subject.

Smjernice i sudska praksa

(EN)

Case Law

CJEU, Tietosuojavaltuutettu/Jehovan todistajat – uskonnollinen yhdyskunta (Jehovah’s Witnesses case), Opinion of Advocate General, C‑25/17 (2018).

CJEU, Tietosuojavaltuutettu/Jehovan todistajat – uskonnollinen yhdyskunta (Jehovah’s Witnesses case), C‑25/17 (2018).

Documents

Article 29 Working Party, Opinion 1/2010 on the concepts of “controller” and “processor” (2010).

EDPB, Guidelines on the Concepts of Controller, Processor and Joint Controllership Under Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 (2019).

EDPB, Opinion 14/2019 on the draft Standard Contractual Clauses submitted by the DK SA (Article 28(8) GDPR) (2019).

EDPB, Guidelines 7/2020 on the Concepts of Controller and Processor in the GDPR (2021).

CNIL, Guide for processors (2017) – Guidelines from the French Supervisory Authority that includes the template of Data Processing Agreement between controllers and processors.

Denmark Supervisory Authority, DK SA Standard Contractual Clauses for the purposes of compliance with art. 28 GDPR (2020).

DPC (Ireland), Guidance for Individuals who Accidentally Receive Personal data (2020).

ICO, Right of Access (2020).

ICO, Data sharing: a code of practice (2020).

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